The Cytokine Growth Differentiation Factor-15 and Skeletal Muscle Health: Portrait of an Emerging Widely Applicable Disease Biomarker.
Boel De PaepePublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2022)
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a stress-induced transforming growth factor-β superfamily cytokine with versatile functions in human health. Elevated GDF-15 blood levels associate with multiple pathological conditions, and are currently extensively explored for diagnosis, and as a means to monitor disease progression and evaluate therapeutic responses. This review analyzes GDF-15 in human conditions specifically focusing on its association with muscle manifestations of sarcopenia, mitochondrial myopathy, and autoimmune and viral myositis. The use of GDF-15 as a widely applicable health biomarker to monitor muscle disease is discussed, and its potential as a therapeutic target is explored.
Keyphrases
- skeletal muscle
- human health
- stress induced
- transforming growth factor
- risk assessment
- healthcare
- public health
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- climate change
- insulin resistance
- mental health
- endothelial cells
- health information
- oxidative stress
- multiple sclerosis
- metabolic syndrome
- type diabetes
- adipose tissue
- signaling pathway
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- interstitial lung disease
- systemic sclerosis
- duchenne muscular dystrophy