Loosening of Side-Chain Packing Associated with Perturbations in Peripheral Dynamics Induced by the D76N Mutation of β2-Microglobulin Revealed by Pressure-NMR and Molecular Dynamic Simulations.

β2-Microglobulin (β2m) is the causative protein of dialysis-related amyloidosis, and its D76N variant is less stable and more prone to aggregation. Since their crystal structures are indistinguishable from each other, enhanced amyloidogenicity induced by the mutation may be attributed to changes in the structural dynamics of the molecule. We examined pressure and mutation effects on the β2m molecule by NMR and MD simulations, and found that the mutation induced the loosening of the inter-sheet packing of β2m, which is relevant to destabilization and subsequent amyloidogenicity. On the other hand, this loosening was coupled with perturbed dynamics at some peripheral regions. The key result for this conclusion was that both the mutation and pressure induced similar reductions in the mobility of these residues, suggesting that there is a common mechanism underlying the suppression of inherent fluctuations in the β2m molecule. Analyses of data obtained under high pressure conditions suggested that the network of dynamically correlated residues included not only the mutation site, but also distal residues, such as those of the C- and D-strands. Reductions in these local dynamics correlated with the loosening of inter-sheet packing.