Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels predict brain atrophy in people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Dimitrios Christos LadakisMaria I Reyes-MantillaSachin P GadaniJackson W MaceSusana C Dominguez-PenuelaMayaa J AppiahMatthew D SmithPavan BhargavaRobert J FoxShiv SaidhaPeter A CalabresiPublished in: Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) (2023)
Serum MIF levels were associated with male sex and predicted brain atrophy in PPMS, but not SPMS. Ibudilast did not demonstrate an effect on MIF levels, as compared with placebo, although we cannot exclude a functional effect.