Genomic Characterization of Arcobacter butzleri Strains Isolated from Various Sources in Lithuania.

Arcobacter (A.) butzleri , the most widespread species within the genus Arcobacter , is considered as an emerging pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans. Here, we performed a comparative genome-wide analysis of 40 A. butzleri strains from Lithuania to determine the genetic relationship, pangenome structure, putative virulence, and potential antimicrobial- and heavy-metal-resistance genes. Core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) analysis revealed low within-group variability (≤4 SNPs) between three milk strains (RCM42, RCM65, RCM80) and one human strain (H19). Regardless of the type of input (i.e., cgSNPs, accessory genome, virulome, resistome), these strains showed a recurrent phylogenetic and hierarchical grouping pattern. A. butzleri demonstrated a relatively large and highly variable accessory genome (comprising of 6284 genes with around 50% of them identified as singletons) that only partially correlated to the isolation source. Downstream analysis of the genomes resulted in the detection of 115 putative antimicrobial- and heavy-metal-resistance genes and 136 potential virulence factors that are associated with the induction of infection in host (e.g., cadF , degP , iamA ), survival and environmental adaptation (e.g., flagellar genes, CheA-CheY chemotaxis system, urease cluster). This study provides additional knowledge for a better A. butzleri -related risk assessment and highlights the need for further genomic epidemiology studies in Lithuania and other countries.