In the mix: the potential benefits of adding GM-CSF to CpG-B in the local treatment of patients with early-stage melanoma.
Bas D KosterTamarah D de JongMari F C M van den HoutBerbel J R SluijterRonald J C L M VuylstekeBarbara G MolenkampSaskia VosslamberM Petrousjka van den TolAlfons J M van den EertweghTanja D de GruijlPublished in: Oncoimmunology (2019)
Whereas TLR9 agonists are recognized as powerful stimulators of antitumor immunity, GM-CSF has had mixed reviews. In previously reported randomized trials we assessed the effects of local immune modulation in early-stage melanoma with CpG-B alone or with GM-CSF. Here we discuss the added value of GM-CSF and show sex-related differences.