Third-Generation Vaccines: Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines and Strategies to Improve Their Efficiency.
Alanne Rayssa da Silva MeloLarissa Silva de MacêdoMaria da Conceição Viana InvençãoIngrid Andrêssa de MouraMarco Antonio Turiah Machado da GamaCristiane Moutinho Lagos de MeloAnna Jessica Duarte SilvaMarcus Vinícius de Aragão BatistaAntonio Carlos DE FreitasPublished in: Genes (2022)
Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. However, their low intrinsic immunogenicity points to the need to use strategies capable of overcoming this characteristic and increasing the efficiency of vaccine campaigns. These strategies include the improvement of the epitopes' presentation to the system via MHC, the evaluation of immunodominant epitopes with high coverage against emerging viral subtypes, the use of adjuvants that enhance immunogenicity, and the increase in the efficiency of vaccine transfection. In this review, we provide updates regarding some characteristics, construction, and improvement of such vaccines, especially about the production of synthetic multi-epitope genes, widely employed in the current gene-based vaccines.
Keyphrases
- nucleic acid
- human immunodeficiency virus
- antiretroviral therapy
- clinical trial
- hepatitis c virus
- sars cov
- hiv infected
- hiv positive
- hiv aids
- copy number
- genome wide identification
- gene expression
- bone marrow
- high grade
- transcription factor
- health insurance
- circulating tumor
- binding protein
- monoclonal antibody
- genome wide analysis