Improvement of osseointegration of Ti-6Al-4V ELI alloy orthodontic mini-screws through anodization, cyclic pre-calcification, and heat treatments.

A noteworthy point in this paper is that the Ca and P concentrations, which provide a scaffold suitable for endogenous bone formation, further increased over time after SBF immersion of the APH group specimens. The other point is that our mini-screws have a significantly higher removal torque compared to untreated mini-screws. These results represent that the mini-screw proposed in this paper can be used as a mini-screw for orthodontics.