Discovering Potential Anti-Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mechanisms from Kochiae Fructus Using Network-Based Pharmacology Analysis and Experimental Validation.

The natural product Kochiae Fructus (KF) is the ripe fruit of Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad and is renowned for its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-fungal, and anti-pruritic effects. This study examined the anticancer effect of components of KF to assess its potential as an adjuvant for cancer treatment. Network-based pharmacological and docking analyses of KF found associations with oral squamous cell carcinoma. The molecular docking of oleanolic acid (OA) with LC3 and SQSTM1 had high binding scores, and hydrogen binding with amino acids of the receptors suggests that OA is involved in autophagy, rather than the apoptosis pathway. For experimental validation, we exposed SCC-15 squamous carcinoma cells derived from a human tongue lesion to KF extract (KFE), OA, and cisplatin. The KFE caused SCC-15 cell death, and induced an accumulation of the autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62/SQSTM1. The novelty of this study lies in the discovery that the change in autophagy protein levels can be related to the regulatory death of SCC-15 cells. These findings suggest that KF is a promising candidate for future studies to provide insight into the role of autophagy in cancer cells and advance our understanding of cancer prevention and treatment.