Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Postoperative Outcomes After Arthroscopic Bone Marrow Stimulation for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus.

Smoking was associated with worse clinical outcomes following BMS of OLTs. As the size of OLTs increased, the difference in general ankle function between smokers and nonsmokers also increased. Furthermore, smokers who were older than 32 years or had larger OLTs were less likely to resume participation in high-level activities.