Validation of the modified Skåne emergency department assessment of patient load (mSEAL) model for emergency department crowding and comparison with international models; an observational study.

The mSEAL model can measure crowding based on workload in Swedish EDs with good discriminatory capacity and has the potential to systematically evaluate crowding and help policymakers and researchers target its causes and effects. In Swedish EDs, Occupancy Rate and NEDOCS are good alternatives to measure crowding based on workload.