Identifying Patterns of Pain, Depression, Anxiety, Interpersonal Trauma Exposure, and Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use: Latent Class Analysis among Patients with Chronic Pain.

High-risk classes had either high levels of depression and anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and interpersonal violence exposure, or of pain severity and interference. Future research should continue to explore these classes in large, diverse samples, and prospective study designs. Finally, results underscore that opioid use is complex, not easily identified by a single factor, and may be motivated by complex unmet clinical needs.