Inverted perovskite solar cells using dimethylacridine-based dopants.

Doping of perovskite semiconductor 1 and passivation of its grain boundaries 2 remain challenging but essential for advancing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Particularly, that's crucial to build the perovskite/indium tin oxide (ITO) Schottky contact based inverted devices without pre-depositing a layer of hole-transport material 3-5 . Here we report a dimethylacridine-based molecular doping process to construct a well matched p-perovskite/ITO contact along with all-round passivation of grain boundaries, achieving a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.39%. The molecules are shown to be extruded from the precursor solution to the grain boundaries and the film bottom surface in the chlorobenzene-quenched crystallization process, which we call a molecule-extrusion process. The core coordination complex between the deprotonated phosphonic acid group of the molecule and lead polyiodide of perovskite is responsible for both mechanical absorption and electronic charge transfer, and leads to p-type doping of the perovskite film. We achieve a champion device with a PCE of 25.86% (reverse scan), and devices that maintain 96.6% of the initial PCE after 1000 h light soaking.