Progress on In Situ and Operando X-ray Imaging of Solidification Processes.

In this review, we present an overview of significant developments in the field of in situ and operando (ISO) X-ray imaging of solidification processes. The objective of this review is to emphasize the key challenges in developing and performing in situ X-ray imaging of solidification processes, as well as to highlight important contributions that have significantly advanced the understanding of various mechanisms pertaining to microstructural evolution, defects, and semi-solid deformation of metallic alloy systems. Likewise, some of the process modifications such as electromagnetic and ultra-sound melt treatments have also been described. Finally, a discussion on the recent breakthroughs in the emerging technology of additive manufacturing, and the challenges thereof, are presented.