Complex delayed and transgenerational effects driven by the interaction of heat and insecticide in the maternal generation of the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae.

These findings underpin the importance of considering the experience of the early developmental environment, but also enhance our understanding of the transgenerational effects of combined thermal and insecticide stressors on the population fate of S. avenae. They also help to assess the efficacy of chemical control in a warming world. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.