Gut microbiota and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Camilla ViriliPoupak FallahiAlessandro AntonelliSalvatore BenvengaPierpaolo TrimboliPublished in: Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders (2019)
About two third of the human microbial commensal community, namely the gut microbiota, is hosted by the gastrointestinal tract which represents the largest interface of the organism to the external environment. This microbial community co-evolved in a symbiotic relationship with the human beings. Growing evidence support the notion that the microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining nutritional, metabolic and immunologic homeostasis in the host. Microbiota, beside the expected role in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis also exerts metabolic functions in nutrients digestion and absorption, detoxification and vitamins' synthesis. Intestinal microbiota is also key in the correct development of the lymphoid system, 70% of which resides at the intestinal level. Available studies, both in murine models and humans, have shown an altered ratio between the different phyla, which characterize a" normal" gut microbiota, in a number of different disorders including obesity, to which a significant part of the studies on intestinal microbiota has been addressed so far. These variations in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, has been also described in patients bearing intestinal autoimmune diseases as well as type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Being Hashimoto's thyroiditis the most frequent autoimmune disorder worldwide, the analysis of the reciprocal influence with intestinal microbiota gained interest. The whole thyroid peripheral homeostasis may be sensitive to microbiota changes but there is also evidence that the genesis and progression of autoimmune thyroid disorders may be significantly affected from a changing intestinal microbial composition or even from overt dysbiosis. In this brief review, we focused on the main features which characterize the reciprocal influence between microbiota and thyroid autoimmunity described in the most recent literature.
Keyphrases
- microbial community
- systemic sclerosis
- endothelial cells
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- interstitial lung disease
- end stage renal disease
- antibiotic resistance genes
- multiple sclerosis
- healthcare
- ejection fraction
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- systematic review
- metabolic syndrome
- newly diagnosed
- type diabetes
- insulin resistance
- prognostic factors
- case control
- weight loss
- mental health
- peritoneal dialysis
- cardiovascular disease
- drug induced
- disease activity
- patient reported outcomes
- rheumatoid arthritis
- risk assessment
- cardiovascular risk factors
- heavy metals
- skeletal muscle
- glycemic control
- adipose tissue