Tumor immune escape: extracellular vesicles roles and therapeutics application.

Although EVs are criminal; they can be useful for overcoming immune escape. This review discusses the latest knowledge on EVs population and sheds light on the function of tumor-derived EVs in immune escape. It also describes EVs-based immunotherapies with a focus on engineered EVs, followed by challenges that hinder the clinical translation of EVs that are essential to be addressed in future investigations. Video Abstract.