Lung Carcinoids: A Comprehensive Review for Clinicians.
Dan GranbergCarl Christofer JuhlinHenrik FalhammarElham HedayatiPublished in: Cancers (2023)
Lung carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors, categorized as typical or atypical carcinoids based on their histological appearance. While most of these tumors are slow-growing neoplasms, they still possess malignant potential. Many patients are diagnosed incidentally on chest X-rays or CT scans. Presenting symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, dyspnea, and recurrent pneumonia. Endocrine symptoms, such as carcinoid syndrome or ectopic Cushing's syndrome, are rare. Surgery is the primary treatment and should be considered in all patients with localized disease, even when thoracic lymph node metastases are present. Patients with distant metastases may be treated with somatostatin analogues, chemotherapy, preferably temozolomide-based, mTOR inhibitors, or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with 177 Lu-DOTATATE. Most patients have an excellent prognosis. Poor prognostic factors include atypical histology and lymph node metastases at diagnosis. Long-term follow-up is mandatory since metastases may occur late.
Keyphrases
- prognostic factors
- lymph node
- newly diagnosed
- neuroendocrine tumors
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- computed tomography
- case report
- peritoneal dialysis
- stem cells
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- patient reported outcomes
- atrial fibrillation
- squamous cell carcinoma
- early stage
- combination therapy
- risk assessment
- sentinel lymph node
- binding protein
- locally advanced
- structure activity relationship