Acute Heart Failure: Diagnostic-Therapeutic Pathways and Preventive Strategies-A Real-World Clinician's Guide.
Ciro MauroSalvatore ChianeseRosangela CocchiaMichele ArcopintoStefania AucielloValentina CaponeMariano CarafaAndreina CarboneGiuseppe CarusoRossana CastaldoRodolfo CitroGiulia CrisciAntonello D'AndreaRoberta D'AssanteMaria D'AvinoFrancesco FerraraAntonio FrangiosaDomenico GalzeranoVincenzo MaffeiAlberto Maria MarraRahul M MehtaRajendra H MehtaFiorella PaladinoBrigida RanieriMonica FranzeseGiuseppe LimongelliSalvatore RegaLuigia RomanoAntonio CittadiniChiara SepeOlga VrizRaffaele IzzoFilippo CademartiriAntonio CittadiniEduardo BossonePublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2023)
Acute heart failure (AHF) is the most frequent cause of unplanned hospital admission in patients of >65 years of age and it is associated with significantly increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Different AHF classification criteria have been proposed, mainly reflecting the clinical heterogeneity of the syndrome. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, peripheral and/or pulmonary congestion is present in the vast majority of cases. Furthermore, a marked reduction in cardiac output with peripheral hypoperfusion may occur in most severe cases. Diagnosis is made on the basis of signs and symptoms, laboratory, and non-invasive tests. After exclusion of reversible causes, AHF therapeutic interventions mainly consist of intravenous (IV) diuretics and/or vasodilators, tailored according to the initial hemodynamic status with the addition of inotropes/vasopressors and mechanical circulatory support if needed. The aim of this review is to discuss current concepts on the diagnosis and management of AHF in order to guide daily clinical practice and to underline the unmet needs. Preventive strategies are also discussed.
Keyphrases
- acute heart failure
- healthcare
- heart failure
- clinical practice
- end stage renal disease
- physical activity
- newly diagnosed
- ejection fraction
- emergency department
- machine learning
- pulmonary hypertension
- peritoneal dialysis
- cardiovascular events
- deep learning
- left ventricular
- cognitive impairment
- smoking cessation
- cardiovascular disease
- single cell
- low dose
- risk factors
- patient reported
- drug induced