Hydrogen Sulfide Regulates Macrophage Function in Cardiovascular Diseases.

Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that plays a vital role in immune system regulation. Recently, the regulation of macrophage function by H 2 S has been extensively and actively recognized. Recent Advances: The mechanisms by which endogenous H 2 S controls macrophage function have attracted increasing attention. The generation of endogenous H 2 S from macrophages is mainly catalyzed by cystathionine-γ-lyase. H 2 S is involved in the macrophage activation and inflammasome formation, which contributes to macrophage apoptosis, adhesion, chemotaxis, and polarization. In addition, H 2 S has redox ability and interacts with reactive oxygen species to prevent oxidative stress. Moreover, H 2 S epigenetically regulates gene expression. Critical Issues: In this article, the generation of endogenous H 2 S in macrophages and its regulatory effect on macrophage function are reviewed. In addition, the signal transduction targeting macrophages by H 2 S is also addressed. Finally, the potential therapeutic effect of H 2 S on macrophages is discussed. Future Directions: Further experiments are required to explore the involvement of endogenous H 2 S in the regulation of macrophage function in various physiological and pathophysiological processes and elucidate the mechanisms involved. Regarding the clinical translation of H 2 S, further exploration of the application of H 2 S in inflammation-related diseases is needed.