Local injection of CCL19-expressing mesenchymal stem cells augments the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibody by promoting infiltration of immune cells.

These results suggest that local therapy with iMSC/CCL19 can suppress tumor growth via effective recruitment of CCR7+ DC into tumor sites and increase IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells, and that combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody therapy can be a powerful anticancer therapy.