Assessing the kinetics of microbubble appearance in cirrhotic patients using transthoracic saline contrast-enhanced echocardiography.
Adriano R TonelliTawfeq NaalWael DakkakMargaret M ParkRaed A DweikJames K StollerPublished in: Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2017)
In patients with advanced cirrhosis suspected of having hepatopulmonary syndrome, a greater shunt fraction during nuclear scanning was associated with more pronounced hypoxemia and a prompt and more intense appearance of microbubbles in the left-sided heart chambers. Patients with a shunt fraction above 3% have microbubbles in the LA or LV at some point during the first seven heart cycles.
Keyphrases
- contrast enhanced
- computed tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- end stage renal disease
- heart failure
- magnetic resonance
- ejection fraction
- diffusion weighted
- pulmonary artery
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- left ventricular
- diffusion weighted imaging
- prognostic factors
- pulmonary hypertension
- pulmonary embolism
- high resolution
- coronary artery
- case report
- patient reported outcomes