Integrated Photo-Responsive Batteries for Solar Energy Harnessing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities.

Photo-responsive batteries that enable the effective combination of solar harvesting and energy conversion/storage functionalities render a potential solution to achieve the large-scale utilization of unlimited and cost-effective solar energy and alleviate the limits of conventional energy storage devices. The internal integration of photo-responsive electrodes into rechargeable batteries with the simplest two-electrode configuration is regarded as a reliable and appealing strategy for highly-efficient and low-cost utilization of solar energy by simplifying the device architecture and improving the energy efficiency. This progress report provides a brief review on photo-responsive batteries with integrated two-electrode configuration that can achieve solar energy conversion/storage in one single device. The basic device architecture, operating principles and practical performance of various photo-responsive systems based on solar energy harvesting in various batteries including Li ion batteries, Li-S batteries, Li-I batteries, dual-liquid redox batteries, Li-O2 batteries, non-Li anode-O2 /air batteries are summarized and discussed. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges regarding the two-electrode photo-responsive batteries are proposed.