Parental Education and Genetics of BMI from Infancy to Old Age: A Pooled Analysis of 29 Twin Cohorts.
Karri SilventoinenAline JelenkovicAntti LatvalaYoshie YokoyamaReijo SundMasumi SugawaraMami TanakaSatoko MatsumotoSari AaltonenMaarit PiirtolaDuarte L FreitasJosé A MaiaSevgi Y ÖncelFazil AlievFuling JiFeng NingZengchang PangEsther RebatoKimberly J SaudinoTessa L CutlerJohn L HopperVilhelmina UllemarCatarina AlmqvistPatrik K E MagnussonWendy CozenAmie E HwangThomas M MackGonneke WillemsenMeike BartelsCatharina E M van BeijsterveldtTracy L NelsonKeith E WhitfieldJoohon SungJina KimJooyeon LeeSooji LeeClare H LlewellynAbigail FisherEmanuela MeddaLorenza NisticòVirgilia ToccaceliLaura A BakerCatherine TuvbladRobin P CorleyBrooke M HuibregtseCatherine A DeromRobert F VlietinckRuth J F LoosAriel Knafo-NoamDavid MankutaLior AbramsonS Alexandra BurtKelly L KlumpJudy L SilbergHermine H MaesRobert F KruegerMatt McGueShandell PahlenMargaret GatzDavid A ButlerJennifer R HarrisThomas S NilsenK Paige HardenElliot M Tucker-DrobCarol E FranzWilliam S KremenMichael J LyonsPaul LichtensteinHoe-Uk JeongYoon-Mi HurDorret I BoomsmaThorkild I A SørensenJaakko KaprioPublished in: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) (2019)
Lower parental education level is associated with higher mean BMI and larger genetic variance of BMI after early childhood, especially in the obesogenic macro-environment. The interplay among genetic predisposition, childhood social environment, and macro-social context is important for socioeconomic differences in BMI.