Substratification of patients with highest-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer helps to identify the candidates for immediate radical cystectomy: A two-center study.

Substratification of highest-risk enables us to further optimize the surgical decisions-making. Highest-risk patients with one factor show the similar outcomes as high-risk patients and deserve to try bladder-sparing treatment, whereas those with ≥2 risk factors were strongly recommended to undergo radical cystectomy.