A blueprint for precise and fault-tolerant analog neural networks.

Analog computing has reemerged as a promising avenue for accelerating deep neural networks (DNNs) to overcome the scalability challenges posed by traditional digital architectures. However, achieving high precision using analog technologies is challenging, as high-precision data converters are costly and impractical. In this work, we address this challenge by using the residue number system (RNS) and composing high-precision operations from multiple low-precision operations, thereby eliminating the need for high-precision data converters and information loss. Our study demonstrates that the RNS-based approach can achieve ≥99% FP32 accuracy with 6-bit integer arithmetic for DNN inference and 7-bit for DNN training. The reduced precision requirements imply that using RNS can achieve several orders of magnitude higher energy efficiency while maintaining the same throughput compared to conventional analog hardware with the same precision. We also present a fault-tolerant dataflow using redundant RNS to protect the computation against noise and errors inherent within analog hardware.