Oxidative Stress Management in Cardiorenal Diseases: Focus on Novel Antidiabetic Agents, Finerenone, and Melatonin.
Panagiotis TheofilisAikaterini VordoniRigas G KalaitzidisPublished in: Life (Basel, Switzerland) (2022)
Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive production of reactive oxygen species together with exhausted antioxidant defenses. This constitutes a main pathophysiologic process that is implicated in cardiovascular and renal diseases. In particular, enhanced oxidative stress may lead to low-density lipoprotein accumulation and oxidation, endothelial cell activation, adhesion molecule overexpression, macrophage activation, and foam cell formation, promoting the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The deleterious kidney effects of oxidative stress are numerous, including podocytopathy, mesangial enlargement, renal hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. The prominent role of oxidative mechanisms in cardiorenal diseases may be counteracted by recently developed pharmacotherapies such as novel antidiabetic agents and finerenone. These agents have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the use of melatonin as a treatment in this field has been experimentally investigated, with large-scale clinical studies being awaited. Finally, clinical implications and future directions in this field are presented.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- dna damage
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- diabetic rats
- reactive oxygen species
- induced apoptosis
- low density lipoprotein
- cardiovascular disease
- cell therapy
- transcription factor
- cell proliferation
- type diabetes
- diabetic nephropathy
- weight gain
- bone marrow
- nitric oxide
- high resolution
- escherichia coli
- signaling pathway
- atomic force microscopy
- cell migration