STN DBS is relatively safe cognitively but declines occur especially in verbal fluency and executive function/working memory. Numerous predictors and risk factors for cognitive outcomes have been identified (age and pre-operative neuropsychological status appear the most robust) but precise risk estimates cannot yet be confidently offered. Future studies should employ study center consortia, follow uniform reporting criteria (to be developed), capitalize on advances in stimulation, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence, and address DBS in diverse groups. Advances offer an avenue to investigate the amelioration of cognitive deficits in PD using neuromodulation.
Keyphrases
- deep brain stimulation
- working memory
- artificial intelligence
- parkinson disease
- obsessive compulsive disorder
- machine learning
- big data
- transcranial direct current stimulation
- deep learning
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- mild cognitive impairment
- cognitive decline
- adverse drug
- type diabetes
- case control
- weight loss
- skeletal muscle
- electronic health record