Infection with purified Piscine orthoreovirus demonstrates a causal relationship with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon.
Øystein WesselStine BraaenMarta AlarconHanne HaatveitNorbert RoosTurhan MarkussenTorstein TengsMaria K DahleEspen RimstadPublished in: PloS one (2017)
Viral diseases pose a significant threat to the productivity in aquaculture. Heart- and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is an emerging disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming. HSMI is associated with Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infection, but PRV is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon and thus present also in apparently healthy individuals. This has brought speculations if additional etiological factors are required, and experiments focusing on the causal relationship between PRV and HSMI are highly warranted. A major bottleneck in PRV research has been the lack of cell lines that allow propagation of the virus. To bypass this, we propagated PRV in salmon, bled the fish at the peak of the infection, and purified virus particles from blood cells. Electron microscopy, western blot and high-throughput sequencing all verified the purity of the viral particles. Purified PRV particles were inoculated into naïve Atlantic salmon. The purified virus replicated in inoculated fish, spread to naïve cohabitants, and induced histopathological changes consistent with HSMI. PRV specific staining was demonstrated in the pathological lesions. A dose-dependent response was observed; a high dose of virus gave earlier peak of the viral load and development of histopathological changes compared to a lower dose, but no difference in the severity of the disease. The experiment demonstrated that PRV can be purified from blood cells, and that PRV is the etiological agent of HSMI in Atlantic salmon.
Keyphrases
- skeletal muscle
- induced apoptosis
- high dose
- oxidative stress
- heart failure
- cell cycle arrest
- insulin resistance
- electron microscopy
- type diabetes
- high throughput sequencing
- low dose
- climate change
- atrial fibrillation
- metabolic syndrome
- diabetic rats
- signaling pathway
- cell proliferation
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- cell death
- stem cell transplantation
- high glucose
- drug induced