Intercalary fragments in posterior malleolar fractures: incidence, treatment implications, and distribution within CT-based classification systems.
Elena MuellerHolger KleinertzMarlon TessarzykStefan RammeltJan BartoníčekKarl-Heinz FroschAlexej BargCarsten SchlickeweiPublished in: European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society (2022)
ICFs are frequently found in PM fractures; however, they are not incorporated into any of the common classifications. They are generally found in younger patients and associated with more complex PM fractures. As they can complicate reduction of the main fragment and may require direct exposure to restore joint congruency, ICFs should be considered in PM fracture classifications. Due to their location, the majority of ICFs are able to be accessed using a posterolateral approach.
Keyphrases
- particulate matter
- air pollution
- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- end stage renal disease
- heavy metals
- ejection fraction
- chronic kidney disease
- machine learning
- computed tomography
- risk factors
- prognostic factors
- magnetic resonance imaging
- magnetic resonance
- patient reported outcomes
- image quality
- dual energy
- hip fracture