Synthesis of Carvacrol-Loaded Invasomes Nanoparticles Improved Acaricide Efficacy, Cuticle Invasion and Inhibition of Acetylcholinestrase against Hard Ticks.
Amr Gamal FouadShawky M AboelhadidFatma I Abo El-ElaAbdel-Azeem S Abdel-BakiSamar M IbrahiumAlmahy M El-MallahSaleh Al-QuraishyAhmed O HassanSahar M GadelhaqPublished in: Microorganisms (2023)
Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol found in many essential oils that has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. Drug loaded-invasome systems are used to deliver drugs utilizing nanoparticles to improve bioavailability, efficacy, and drug release duration. As a result, the present study developed carvacrol-loaded invasomes and evaluated their acaricidal effect against Rhipicephalus annulatus (cattle tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog tick). Carvacrol loaded-invasome (CLI) was prepared and characterized using UV/Vis spectrophotometer, zeta potential measurements, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis. CLI (5%) induced significant mortality (100%) in R. annulatus adult ticks with LC 50 of 2.60%, whereas the LC 50 of pure carvacrol was 4.30%. Carvacrol and CLI were shown to have a significant larvicidal action on both tick species, with LC 50 s of 0.24 and 0.21% against R. annulatus and 0.27 and 0.23% against R. sanguineus , respectively. Carvacrol and CLI (5%) induced significant repellent activities for 24 h against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus , as evidenced by the rod method and the petri-dish selective area choice method, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that the CLI form had 3.86 times the permeability of pure carvacrol. Moreover, carvacrol and CLI inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased glutathione and malonedealdehyde levels in the treated ticks. In conclusion, invasomes significantly improved adulticidal and repellency activities of carvacrol against both tick species.
Keyphrases
- drug delivery
- high performance liquid chromatography
- simultaneous determination
- electron microscopy
- high resolution
- drug release
- mass spectrometry
- solid phase extraction
- cancer therapy
- tandem mass spectrometry
- high glucose
- risk factors
- ms ms
- cardiovascular events
- cardiovascular disease
- oxidative stress
- diabetic rats
- coronary artery disease
- single molecule
- electronic health record
- human health
- silver nanoparticles