ZnO nanoparticles produced in the culture supernatant of Bacillus thuringiensis ser. israelensis affect the demographic parameters of Musca domestica using the age-stage, two-sex life table.

ZnO-Bti-supernatant nanoparticles were shown to be toxic to M. domestica. Exposure of M. domestica to low concentrations of ZnO-Bti-supernatant nanoparticles resulted in negative transgenerational effects on progeny production in this fly. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.