Green and Scalable Preparation of Colloidal Suspension of Lignin Nanoparticles and Its Application in Eco-friendly Sunscreen Formulations.
Davide PiccininoEliana CapecchiInes DelfinoMarcello CrucianelliNicola ConteDaniele AvitabileRaffaele SaladinoPublished in: ACS omega (2021)
Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are applied in several industrial applications. The nanoprecipitation of LNPs is fast and inexpensive but currently still limited to the use of hazardous organic solvents, making it difficult to apply them on a large scale. Here, we report a scalable nanoprecipitation procedure for the preparation of colloidal lignin nanoparticles (cLNPs) by the use of the green solvents dimethylisosorbide and isopropylidene glycerol. Irrespective of the experimental conditions, cLNPs showed higher UV absorbing properties and radical scavenging activity than parent LNPs and raw lignin. cLNPs were successively used in the preparation of eco-friendly sunscreen formulations (SPF 15, 30, and 50+, as evaluated by the COLIPA assay), which showed high UV-shielding activity even in the absence of synthetic boosters (microplastics) and physical filters (TiO2 and ZnO). Biological assays on human HaCaT keratinocytes and human skin equivalents demonstrated the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, associated with an optimal protection of the skin from UV-A damage.
Keyphrases
- ionic liquid
- room temperature
- molecularly imprinted
- high throughput
- endothelial cells
- quantum dots
- heavy metals
- mental health
- oxidative stress
- wastewater treatment
- walled carbon nanotubes
- low cost
- aqueous solution
- soft tissue
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- minimally invasive
- mass spectrometry
- reduced graphene oxide
- high resolution
- simultaneous determination
- tandem mass spectrometry