The Innate Immune Microenvironment in Metastatic Breast Cancer.
Chiara TommasiBenedetta PellegrinoAnna DianaMarta Palafox SancezMichele OrdituraMario ScartozziAntonino MusolinoCinzia SolinasPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2022)
The immune system plays a fundamental role in neoplastic disease. In the era of immunotherapy, the adaptive immune response has been in the spotlight whereas the role of innate immunity in cancer development and progression is less known. The tumor microenvironment influences the terminal differentiation of innate immune cells, which can explicate their pro-tumor or anti-tumor effect. Different cells are able to recognize and eliminate no self and tumor cells: macrophages, natural killer cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are, together with the elements of the complement system, the principal players of innate immunity in cancer development and evolution. Metastatic breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease from the stromal, immune, and biological point of view and requires deepened exploration to understand different patient outcomes. In this review, we summarize the evidence about the role of innate immunity in breast cancer metastatic sites and the potential targets for optimizing the innate response as a novel treatment opportunity.
Keyphrases
- immune response
- metastatic breast cancer
- dendritic cells
- papillary thyroid
- natural killer cells
- innate immune
- squamous cell
- toll like receptor
- small cell lung cancer
- squamous cell carcinoma
- childhood cancer
- bone marrow
- regulatory t cells
- cell cycle arrest
- young adults
- cell proliferation
- cell death
- inflammatory response
- combination therapy