An aquatic biomimetic butterfly soft robot driven by deformable photo-responsive hydrogel.

Taking inspiration from the locomotor behaviors of a butterfly, we have developed an underwater soft robot that imitates its movements. This biomimetic robot is constructed using a deformable photo-responsive material that exhibits high biological compatibility and impressive deformation capabilities in response to external stimuli. First, we investigate composite materials consisting of poly- N -isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Then, using photocuring printing technology, we successfully fabricate a biomimetic butterfly soft robot utilizing these composite materials. The robot is driven by visible light, enabling it to achieve periodic wing movement and fly upward at an average speed of 3.63 mm s -1 . In addition, the robot achieves additional functionalities such as flying over obstacles and carrying small objects during the ascending flight. These outcomes have a significant impact on the advancement of flexible biomimetic robots and offer valuable insights for the research of biomimetic robots driven by visible light.