Jumping over fences: why field- and laboratory-based biomechanical studies can and should learn from each other.

Locomotor biomechanics faces a core trade-off between laboratory-based and field-based studies. Laboratory conditions offer control over confounding factors, repeatability, and reduced technological challenges, but limit the diversity of animals and environmental conditions that may influence behavior and locomotion. This article considers how study setting influences the selection of animals, behaviors and methodologies for studying animal motion. We highlight the benefits of both field- and laboratory-based studies and discuss how recent work leverages technological advances to blend these approaches. These studies have prompted other subfields of biology, namely evolutionary biology and ecology, to incorporate biomechanical metrics more relevant to survival in natural habitats. The concepts discussed in this Review provide guidance for blending methodological approaches and inform study design for both laboratory and field biomechanics. In this way, we hope to facilitate integrative studies that relate biomechanical performance to animal fitness, determine the effect of environmental factors on motion, and increase the relevance of biomechanics to other subfields of biology and robotics.