In patients at risk of AKI, ESAs probably do not reduce the risk of AKI or death and may not reduce the need for starting dialysis. Similarly, there were probably no differences in kidney function measures and adverse events such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke or hypertension. There are currently two ongoing studies that have either not been completed or published, and it is unclear whether they will change the results. Caution should be exercised when using ESAs to prevent AKI.