Psychological distress and ischaemic heart disease: cause or consequence? Evidence from a large prospective cohort study.
Jennifer WelshRosemary J KordaGrace JoshyPeter ButterworthAlex BrownEmily BanksPublished in: Journal of epidemiology and community health (2017)
A substantial part of the distress-IHD association is explained by confounding and functional limitations, an indicator of undiagnosed disease. Emphasis should be on psychological distress as a marker of healthcare need and IHD risk, rather than a causative factor.