Electrolyte Engineering Empowers Li||CF x Batteries to Achieve High Energy Density and Low Self-Discharge at Harsh Conditions.

Given its exceptional theoretical energy density (over 2000 Wh kg -1 ), lithium||carbon fluoride (Li||CF x ) battery has garnered global attention. N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)-based electrolyte is regarded as one promising candidate for tremendously enhancing the energy density of Li||CF x battery, provided self-discharge challenges can be resolved. This study successfully achieves a low self-discharge (LSD) and desirable electrochemical performance in Li||CF x batteries at high temperatures by utilizing NMP as the solvent and incorporating additional ingredients, including vinylene carbonate additive, as well as the dual-salt systems formed by LiBF 4 with three different Li salts, namely lithium bis(oxalato)borate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate, and LiNO 3 . The experimental results unfold that the proposed methods not only minimize aluminum current collector corrosion, but also effectively passivate the Li metal anode. Among them, LiNO 3 exhibits the most pronounced effect that achieves an energy density of ≈2400 Wh kg -1 at a current density of 10 mA g -1 at 30 °C, nearly 0% capacity-fade rate after 300 h of storage at 60 °C, and the capability to maintain a stable open-circuit voltage over 4000 h. This work provides a distinctive perspective on how to realize both high energy density and LSD rates at high temperature of Li||CF x battery.