Computed Tomography Evaluation of Percutaneous Pedicle Screws Inserted during Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Long-term Follow-up Results of Screw Violation.

With PPS insertion during MI-TLIF, the rate of pedicle violation was 5.3% (14/262). An understanding of the anatomical characteristics of each vertebra and the unique structures of the patient is essential to prevent pedicle violations. Even in the violation group, PPS fixation was found to be a safe and useful procedure with successful long-term radiographic and clinical outcomes.