Macro-Calcium Carbonate-Hydrogel Hybrid Spheroids: Design and Biomedical Applications.

In advancing tissue engineering, we introduce a particle system combining the strength of calcium carbonate with the flexibility of hydrogels enhanced with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for improved bone regeneration. Our innovation lies in creating large hybrid macrospheroids by bonding mineral nanostructured microparticles loaded with ALP through hydrogel polymerization. These composite macrospheroids address critical challenges in cell seeding, growth, and handling within three-dimensional (3D) environments. We conducted extensive characterization of these particles using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical property assessment, and fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrate that the hybrid macrospheroids significantly enhance cell manipulation and growth in three-dimensional structures. Specifically, ALP-loaded macrospheroids showed a marked improvement in osteogenic activity, promoting effective bone tissue regeneration. This study not only showcases a unique approach to overcoming the limitations of traditional hydrogels in tissue engineering but also opens pathways for bone tissue regeneration. Our findings offer a promising tool for cell seeding and growth in 3D structures, potentially revolutionizing practices in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.