Conversion of WO 3 thin films into self-crosslinked nanorods for large-scale ultraviolet detection.

We heat-treated an amorphous large-area WO 3 thin film to synthesize high-density, high-quality WO 3 nanorods. The WO 3 nanostructures were effective, especially in reducing gas (hydrogen and helium) atmospheres. By electron microscopy analysis, we confirmed that the thermodynamic energy for forming oxygen vacancies in the [020] direction was low. We could apply self-crosslinked WO 3 nanostructures to practical sensor device fabrication by simply placing the electrodes without complex processes such as transfer and e-beam lithography. It was used for the production of a UV detector, which reacted very fast (∼0.316 s) and was very sensitive to the actual UV-C (261 nm) wavelength. Also, plasmon-based light absorption through the Ag nanoparticle coating resulted in more than 350-fold improvement in the on/off process during UV-C irradiation.