Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles with a Novel Biogenic Process for Dental Application.

The prevalence of dental caries has been largely consonant over time despite the enhancement in dental technologies. This study aims to produce novel GIC restorative material by incorporating TiO 2 nanoparticles synthesized by Bacillus subtilis for the treatment of dental caries. The TiO 2 nanoparticles were prepared by inoculating a fresh culture of Bacillus subtilis into a nutrient broth for 24 h, which was then characterized by XRD, DRS, FTIR, AFM, SEM, TEM and EDX. These TiO 2 nanoparticles were incorporated in GIC restorative material at different concentrations (0-10% TiO 2 -GIC) and were tested for their mechanical properties in a universal testing machine. The XRD analysis revealed synthesis of anatase and rutile-phased TiO 2 nanoparticles with a particle size of 70.17 nm that was further confirmed by SEM and TEM analysis. The EDX spectrum indicated prominent peaks of titanium and oxygen with no impurities in the prepared material. Treatment with 5% TiO 2 -GIC proved to be most effective for the treatment of dental caries with no observable cytotoxic effect. An increase in the compressive strength of TiO 2 nanoparticle-reinforced GIC was observed as the concentration of the TiO 2 nanoparticles was increased up to 5%; subsequently, the compressive strength was lowered. An increase in the flexural strength was observed in GIC containing 0%, 3% and 5% TiO 2 nanoparticles sequentially. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Bacillus subtilis -derived TiO 2 nanoparticles have excellent potential for developing next generation of restorative materials for dental issues.