Role of vitamin D3 in tumor aggressiveness and radiation response for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Locoregional control is a significant prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Historically, the use of radiotherapy (RT) for HCC was limited owing to the low radiotolerance of the liver and the need for high RT doses for disease control. We aimed to examine if 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) has a role in the tumor inhibition and the radiation response of HCC in vitro and in vivo, and explore the underlying mechanisms. The human and murine liver cancer cell lines were selected for cellular and animal experiments to investigate the changes in tumor characteristics and the radiation response after calcitriol supplementation. The effects induced by calcitriol supplementation on interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling and the tumor immune microenvironment following RT were also examined. Our data revealed that calcitriol supplementation attenuated tumor aggressive behavior, decrease IL-6 expression, and augmented radiation-induced tumor inhibition. The biological changes following calcitriol treatment included suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition, attenuated cancer stem cell-like properties and increased radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and cell death in vitro. Regarding immune microenvironment, calcitriol attenuated the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment and increased the infiltration of cytotoxic T cells in tumor following RT. Furthermore, When the primary liver tumor was irradiated with larger dose per fraction, calcitriol induced a smaller size of synchronous unirradiated tumor in mice, which linked with attenuated IL-6 signaling and MDSC recruitment. In conclusion, calcitriol treatment reduced tumor aggressiveness and enhanced the radiation response. The inhibited IL-6 signaling and subsequently enhanced antitumor immunity might be responsible to augment radiation-induced tumoricidal effect induced by calcitriol. Based on our results, we suggest that calcitriol could exert the antitumor and radiosensitization effects for HCC, especially for multifocal tumors.