Indications for alternative endovascular techniques in carotid-cavernous fistulas: A 20-year single-center experience.

Richard VoldřichFrantišek CharvátDavid Netuka

Published in: Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences (2024)

FD stents in direct and liquid embolisates in indirect fistulas did not demonstrate better angiographic or clinical outcomes compared to convetional coiling. Liquid agents carried a higher risk of ischemic complications. Alternative embolization materials should be reserved for CCFs that cannot be treated with simple coiling.

Keyphrases

internal carotid artery
ionic liquid
risk factors
cerebral ischemia
oxidative stress
newly diagnosed
subarachnoid hemorrhage