Quantifying Temperature and Osmotic Stress Impact on Seed Germination Rate and Seedling Growth of Eruca sativa Mill. via Hydrothermal Time Model.

Germination models are quite helpful in predicting emergence times, dormancy periods, and their applications in crop management. This study investigated the germination behaviors of Eruca sativa Mill. in response to fluctuations in temperatures ( T s ) and water potentials ( ψ s ). Germination percentage (GP) increased 95% with rising temperature within the range of 20-30 °C, and decreased 25% at 5 °C. Moreover, each ψ and T resulted in a decrease in GP as ψ decreased. Further, we noted that the θT 1 value was substantially high at 30 °C and in (0 MPa), whereas the θT 2 value was maximum at 10 °C (-0.02 MPa) and it decreased with decreasing Ψ . The maximum hydrothermal time constant ( θ HTT) and hydrotime ( θ H) values were obtained at 10 and 30 °C, respectively. In addition, a linear increase in the GR ( g ) pattern was observed at T b and a decrease below the T o . The calculated cardinal T s was 5 °C for the base T , and 30 °C for both the optimum and ceiling T . The germination characteristics were higher at 30 °C having (0 MPa). Therefore, using cardinal temperatures, germination results, and the hydrothermal time model (HTT) could reveal the independent and interactive impacts of both T and the Ψ on the response of seed germination subjected to diverse environmental conditions.