Identifying inconsistencies in exotic pet regulations that perpetuate trade in risky species.

Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has been focused on regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state-level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States (US). Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms 'pet' and 'companion animal' were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the US owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the US, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1,000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent. Article Impact Statement: Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of the trade in exotic pets in the United States perpetuates invasion and disease risks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.