Structural basis of neuropeptide Y signaling through Y 1 and Y 2 receptors.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid peptide, functions as a neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems by activating the NPY receptor subfamily. Notably, NPY analogs display varying selectivity and exert diverse physiological effects through their interactions with this receptor family. [Pro 34 ]-NPY and [Leu 31 , Pro 34 ]-NPY, mainly acting on Y 1 R, reportedly increases blood pressure and postsynaptically potentiates the effect of other vasoactive substances above all, while N-terminal cleaved NPY variants in human body primary mediates angiogenesis and neurotransmitter release inhibition through Y 2 R. However, the recognition mechanisms of Y 1 R and Y 2 R with specific agonists remain elusive, thereby hindering subtype receptor-selective drug development. In this study, we report three cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of Gi2-coupled Y 1 R and Y 2 R in complexes with NPY, as well as Y 1 R bound to a selective agonist [Leu 31 , Pro 34 ]-NPY. Combined with cell-based assays, our study not only reveals the conserved peptide-binding mode of NPY receptors but also identifies an additional sub-pocket that confers ligand selectivity. Moreover, our analysis of Y 1 R evolutionary dynamics suggests that this sub-pocket has undergone functional adaptive evolution across different species. Collectively, our findings shed light on the molecular underpinnings of neuropeptide recognition and receptor activation, and they present a promising avenue for the design of selective drugs targeting the NPY receptor family.