Half-Sandwich Iridium(III), Rhodium(III), and Ruthenium(II) Complexes Chelating Hybrid sp 2 -N/sp 3 -N Donor Ligands to Achieve Improved Anticancer Selectivity.

The biological efficacy of half-sandwich platinum group organometallic complexes of the formula [(η 5 -Cp x )/(η 6 -arene)M(XY)Cl] 0/+ (XY = bidentate ligands; Cp x = functionalized cyclopentadienyl; M = Ir, Rh, Ru, Os) has received considerable attention due to the significance of the metal center, chelating ligand, and Cp x /arene moieties in defining their anticancer potency and selectivity. With a facile access to the BIAN-derived imine-amine ligands using alkylaluminum as the reductant, we herein described the preparation and characterization of 16 half-sandwich Ir(III), Rh(III), and Ru(II) complexes chelating the hybrid sp 2 -N/sp 3 -N donor ligand. A nonplanar five-member metallacycle was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structures of Ir1 - Ir3 , Ir7 , Rh1 , Ru1 , and Ru4 . The attempt to prepare imine-amido complexes using a base as the deprotonating agent led to the mixture of imine-amine complexes, within which the leaving group Cl - was displaced, and 16-electron imine-amido complexes without Cl - . The half-sandwich imine-amine complexes in this system underwent rapid hydrolysis in aqueous solution, exhibited weak photoluminescence, and showed the ability of binding to CT-DNA and BSA. The cytotoxicity of all imine-amine complexes against A549 lung cancer cell lines, HeLa cervical cancer cell lines, and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells was determined by an MTT assay. The IC 50 values of these complexes were in a range of 5.71-67.28 μM. Notably, most of these complexes displayed improved selectivity toward A549 cancer cells versus noncancerous BEAS-2B cells in comparison with the corresponding α-diimine complexes chelating the sp 2 -N/sp 2 -N donor ligand, which have been shown no selectivity in our previous report. The anticancer selectivity of these complexes appeared to be related to the redox-based mechanism including the catalytic oxidation of NADH to NAD + , reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane. Further, inducing apoptosis of these complexes in A549 cancer cells and BEAS-2B normal cells also correlated with their anticancer selectivity, indicating the apoptosis mode of cell death in this system. In addition, these complexes could enter A549 cells via energy-dependent pathway and were able to impede the in vitro migration of A549 cells.