Intratumoral IFN-γ or topical TLR7 agonist promotes infiltration of melanoma metastases by T lymphocytes expanded in the blood after cancer vaccine.

Cancer vaccines induce expansion of new viCLs, which infiltrate melanoma metastases in some patients. Our findings identify opportunities to combine vaccines with tumor-directed therapies to enhance T-cell infiltration and T cell-mediated tumor control. These combinations hold promise in improving the therapeutic efficacy of antigen-specific therapies for solid malignancies.