Advances and Challenges in SARS-CoV-2 Detection: A Review of Molecular and Serological Technologies.
Mai M El-DalyPublished in: Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2024)
The urgent need for accurate COVID-19 diagnostics has led to the development of various SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains a reliable viral gene detection technique, while other molecular methods, including nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) and isothermal amplification techniques, provide diverse and effective approaches. Serological assays, detecting antibodies in response to viral infection, are crucial for disease surveillance. Saliva-based immunoassays show promise for surveillance purposes. The efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection varies, with IgM indicating recent exposure and IgG offering prolonged detectability. Various rapid tests, including lateral-flow immunoassays, present opportunities for quick diagnosis, but their clinical significance requires validation through further studies. Challenges include variations in specificity and sensitivity among testing platforms and evolving assay sensitivities over time. SARS-CoV-2 antigens, particularly the N and S proteins, play a crucial role in diagnostic methods. Innovative approaches, such as nanozyme-based assays and specific nucleotide aptamers, offer enhanced sensitivity and flexibility. In conclusion, ongoing advancements in SARS-CoV-2 detection methods contribute to the global effort in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keyphrases
- sars cov
- nucleic acid
- loop mediated isothermal amplification
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- label free
- real time pcr
- public health
- high throughput
- machine learning
- coronavirus disease
- high resolution
- gene expression
- sensitive detection
- mass spectrometry
- transcription factor
- copy number
- big data
- immune response
- single cell
- genome wide identification